In cases when none of those were available, they sometimes used one of the few mon which were seen as "vulgar", or invented or adapted whatever mon they wished, passing it on to their descendants. Commoners without mon often used those of their patron or the organization they belonged to. Japanese traditional formal attire generally displays the mon of the wearer. In an illiterate society, they served as useful symbols for recognition. Mon were also adapted by various organizations, such as merchant and artisan guilds, temples and shrines, theater troupes and even criminal gangs. On the battlefield, mon served as army standards, even though this usage was not universal and uniquely designed army standards were just as common as mon-based standards (cf. Like European heraldry, mon were initially held only by aristocratic families, and were gradually adapted by commoners. It is seen on flags, tents, and equipment. By the 12th century, sources give a clear indication that heraldry had been implemented as a distinguishing feature, especially for use in battle. Mon may have originated as fabric patterns to be used on clothes in order to distinguish individuals or signify membership of a specific clan or organization. Maki-e sake bottle with Tokugawa clan's mon, 18th century, Edo period
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